Beyond Criminalization: Understanding and Addressing Homelessness and Substance Use Disorder

One of the most pervasive myths about our unhoused community members is that their situation is solely the result of poor personal choices. This oversimplification ignores the complex socioeconomic, psychological, and often multigenerational factors that contribute to the issue. Substance use disorder, often co-occurring with homelessness, is similarly stigmatized as a moral failing rather than recognized as a health condition. The reality is far more complicated. Homelessness and SUD can result from many factors, including economic downturns, lack of affordable housing, inadequate mental health care, and systemic poverty.
Some studies show that approximately 30% of people experiencing homelessness in urban areas also struggle with substance use disorder. I argue that 30% is likely an underestimate. However, rather than receiving treatment, these individuals are often subjected to the criminal justice system, exacerbating their challenges. For instance, a criminal record can make it nearly impossible to find work or qualify for housing, trapping people in a cycle almost impossible to break. We see this every day in our work, and RS EDEN is committed to compassionate solutions that open doors for people—versus shutting them out.

The criminalization of homelessness may offer a temporary "out of sight, out of mind" solution for neighbors and elected officials, but it inflicts long-term damage on individuals and communities. By turning a public health issue into a criminal one, we not only strip away the dignity of those affected but also erect barriers to the very resources needed for recovery and stability. Programs that prioritize providing the unhoused with stable housing while addressing substance use and/or mental illness have shown far greater success in enabling lasting recovery, and we stress this holistic approach at RS EDEN. Yet punitive laws move us in the opposite direction. The “quick” fix of “out of sight, out of mind” is actually slower and no fix at all. It deepens the problems despite the temporary appearance that they have been resolved.

Imagine a community where, instead of facing arrest, those experiencing homelessness along with battling SUD and mental illness are met with comprehensive support systems. In such a place, affordable housing would be plentiful and accessible. Health services, including substance use treatment and mental health care, would be readily available and integrated with support for primary care, employment, and education. This approach would not only be more humane and economically viable but also have long-lasting positive impacts. This is RS EDEN’s person-centered vision. Unfortunately, the compassionate approach is often perceived as more complex and appears to take longer. It’s critical that we all settle in and take a longer-view approach to fixing these deeply painful and challenging community issues.

It is imperative that we advocate for policies that understand and address the complexities of homelessness and substance use disorder. We must push for legislation that supports, rather than punishes, those in need. By investing in comprehensive services and preventive measures, we can create a foundation for long-term, sustainable change.